The exchange of water mass, heat, freshwater and other BGC tracers between the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding seas is an integral part of the global climate system, and these processes have both natural variability and respond to anthropogenic climate forcing. There are still uncertainties in our understanding of the related processes, but our knowledge is improving because of newly available observational data and modeling capabilities. In this discussion, we heard presentations from two recent studies that address Arctic Ocean warming and sea ice decline mechanisms and provide an updated analysis of the Arctic Ocean heat, freshwater and mass budget, respectively.
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